Factory AmmunitionThere is not a wide selection of factory ammunition for the 38 Super compared to other cartridges. The 38 Super has only moderate popularity in the United States where the overwhelming majority of 1911s are chambered for the 45ACP, and the 1911 was, until recent years, one of the few platforms to offer the 38 Super. That, and the fact that most medium caliber semiautomatics favor the 9mm Luger cartridge, has delegated the Super to a minor position in the minds of most ammunition manufacturers with a limited choice of bullets and load options. The major three U.S. ammunition makers Remington, Winchester and Federal all offer the token 130 grain FMJ round. But of these three companies only Winchester offers a hollow point bullet – the 125 grain Silver Tip Hollow Point. Speer (CCI) has no 38 Super load. PMC offers a 115 grain hollow point, though the ballistics are the same as the lesser performing 9MM Luger. American Ammunition offers a 115 grain load. Other ammunition makers have stepped into the U.S. 38 Super market. Magtech and Aguila offer the standard 130 grain FMJ load. Fiocchi's version weighs 129 grains. Frangible Bullets offers a load with a frangible bullet made from compressed metal powders. Atlanta Arms and Ammo offers a 125 grain hollow point round.
CORBON offers an astonishing seven loads for the 38 Super. Most are very high performance and demonstrate the Super's full potential (see Tables 1 and 2 below). They offer two traditional jacketed hollow point bullets, both varieties of the Glaser Safety Slug (Blue and Silver), an all copper Barnes X bullet, the unique Pow'RBall and a Performance Match load. The Glaser Safety Slugs are prefragmented bullets that consist of a copper jacket filled with birdshot and are designed to break apart quickly on contact to reduce penetration and ricochet hazard. The Blue version is filled with tiny #12 shot, and the Silver version is filled with a larger #6 shot. An appropriately colored polymer round ball seals the front of the bullet and aids in feeding reliability. The Pow'RBall bullet has a hollow-point-like lead core and copper jacket, but the bullet nose is a polymer ball that intends to ensure expansion, prevent plugging, and, like the Safety Slug, enhance feeding reliability. The all copper Barnes X bullet is used in CORBON's DPX load. This bullet is designed to produce excellent expansion, retain all weight, and penetrate deeply compared to conventional hollow point bullets. The bullet is unusually long for its weight because it is made entirely from copper which is less dense than lead. With the exception of the CORBON loads just mentioned, the bullet variety for the Super pales compared to most other cartridges. Bullets in typical factory ammunition range from 115 to 130 grains, with hollow point bullets in 115 and 125 grains. The 130 grain bullet is traditionally a full metal jacket round nose design. But the long case of the Super is capable of handling so much more, and the 147 grain bullets in this caliber range are not represented by any of the major manufacturers. Bullets in the more popular 9mm Luger run the range from 90 to 147 grains, and even 158 grain bullets have been loaded in this short case. Bullet weights of 105, 115, 124, 125, 135, 147 and 158 grains can be found for the Luger. For comparison, the Winchester website lists 11 separate loads for their standard 9mm Luger line with bullets weighing 105, 115, 124 and 147 grains. Winchester lists two loads for the 38 Super, 125 and 130 grain bullets. Exotic ammunition, such as the Glaser Safety Slug and Pow’rBall sport 80 and 100 grain bullets, respectively, for the both the 9mm Luger and 38 Super. A brief note about size: The 38 Super has traditionally employed a .356 inch diameter bullet. By comparison, the 9mm Luger uses a .355 inch diameter bullet, and the 38 Special and 357 Magnum use a .357 bullet. In spite of the fact that the Super’s bullet diameter is traditionally .356, many current factory loads sport .355 inch bullets (see Table 1). You might think that this would result in poor accuracy – shooting .355 bullets in a .356 bore. This is not necessarily so, and there is more information on this topic in the .355 vs .356 section (still under construction). |
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MeasurementsTwo tables list information about most of the factory ammunition made by major manufacturers available in the U.S. Table 1 lists some of the specifications of the ammunition including measured bullet weight and diameter. For this data, two bullets were pulled from factory rounds and measured. The weight of both bullets is listed. Interestingly, bullet weight varied as much as 2 grains, although most varied only slightly if at all. Most factory loads had bullet diameters of .355 or .356 inches. In all cases but one, bullet diameter was very consistent. The bullets in the American Ammunition load were not the same diameter and were significantly oversized for a cartridge that normally uses a .356 bullet. The two bullets measured .359 and .361 inches in diameter and would have to be squeezed significantly to go through the typical 38 Super barrel. Their larger than normal diameter might (or might not) be a contributing factor in the elevated pressure signs noted in the primer (see Table 2). Table 1: 38 Super Factory Ammunition |
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Cartridge OAL = Cartridge Overall Length. The maximum overall length of the 38 Super is 1.280 inches. FMJ = Full Metal Jacket. HP = Hollow Point. JHP = Jacketed Hollow Point. JPRN = Jacketed Polymer Round Nose. Prefrag = Prefragmented. RN = Round Nose. STHP = Silver Tip Hollow Point. TMJ = Total Metal Jacket (plated). Unk = Unpublished. * Weight in grains. ** CORBON's DPX uses an all copper Barnes X bullet. *** CORBON has traditionally used a Sierra bullet for these loads. **** These are Zero bullets.***** Double Tap labels them as JHP, but the bullets are Speer's Gold Dot, which are plated. ^ Loaded in rimless Starline 38 Super Comp cases. † The heel of the first bullet measured .359, and it measured .358 right up to where it was crimped. Just forward of the crimp it measured .355. The second bullet measured .361 at the heel, and .359 up to the crimp. In front of the crimp it measured .357. |
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BallisticsTable 2 shows the published and actual ballistics of these rounds. All ammunition was fired through a Colt factory 5 inch stainless steel barrel under similar conditions (65-75 ˚F). The good news is that for some products the actual velocity was higher than the published velocity. This is a welcome surprise since most of the time actual velocity falls short of what the manufacturer claims. In most comparisons the differences between published and actual velocity was 1-3%. The rounds that were farthest below their published velocity were the Fiocchi 129 grain FMJ and Winchester 125 grain STHP. Their actual velocity was 5% below the published value. The round that was farthest above its published velocity was the CORBON 125 grain JHP. Its actual velocity was 7% higher than the published speed. In summary, actual velocity was close to published numbers in the test gun. The published ballistics and actual ballistics can vary for many reasons, some of which are listed farther down on this web page (go there now). Table 2: Performance of 38 Super Factory Ammunition |
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Velocity was measured with a Shooting Chrony Alpha chronograph at 15 feet and is the average of 3-15 rounds. ME = Muzzle Energy. * Weight in grains. ** Ammunition is listed as Minor or Major power factor, which has to be specified when ordered. Their minor load has a velocity of around 1100 fps. *** Velocity tested at 32˚F. ^ The ammo tested was loaded in rimless Starline 38 Super Comp cases and was their Major power factor load. † Velocity in feet per second. †† Muzzle Energy measured in Foot Pounds and calculated as Bullet Weight times Velocity times Velocity divided by 450436. ∆ Power Factor is calculated as Bullet Weight times Velocity divided by 1000. OK = no elevated pressure signs in primers or cases. Slight = slight cratering of primers. High = cratered primers. Extreme = flattened and/or pierced primers and/or bulged cases. |
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Power factor is listed here because of the popularity of the Super in some types of competition where power levels distinguish between how the hits are scored. The 38 Super is often the caliber of choice for Open Division in the International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC; The U.S. chapter is the United States Practical Shooting Association - USPSA.) A power factor of at least 165 is required (in the U.S.) for Major scoring points. Of the factory ammunition tested here, only four cartridges made this grade, the CORBON 115 and 125 grain jacketed hollow points and their 125 grain DPX round, and the Atlanta Arms and Ammo load which was specifically loaded for competition. Few competitors would rely on CORBON ammunition, however, because of its high cost. Almost all Super shooters handload their ammunition for this type of competition, and there is more information on this subject in the Major Power Factor Ammo section (here) of this website. The Atlanta Arms and Ammo round tested was loaded specifically with the competitive shooter in mind. They offer ammo in two loads, a Major power factor (tested) and a Minor power factor, which produces about 1100 fps velocity. They also offer the round in rimless Starline 38 Super Comp cases (tested) - which might need extractors tuned to this case (see the Brass page for more information on rimless cases). Readers should take note that several of the CORBON rounds and the Atlanta Arms and Ammo load showed signs of extremely high pressure. This is bad. The examples with an “Extreme” pressure rating exhibited flattened and/or pierced primers and the CORBON loads had a dangerous swelling of the case (see Pressure below). Both of these conditions are warning signs that the load is too hot and there are genuine risks of damage to the gun and injury to the shooter (see below). Also, if metal from the primer plugs the firing pin hole, then the gun won’t fire (which occurred during these tests!!!), and that would be very bad if you were using the ammunition for self-defense. CORBON makes great ammunition, and they certainly bring maximum performance to many cartridges. They push these rounds to maximum pressure, and it does not take much extra gunpowder to exceed safe working pressures. I purchased other lots of their 38 Super ammo for comparison. I noted that one lot of their 125 grain JHP had reduced pressure signs, and less velocity, but the pressure was still extreme. I am not trying to persuade people to avoid CORBON ammo. But I suggest that you always test the ammunition that you intend to use for self-defense in your gun to make sure that it is safe and reliable. After all, you don't want a gun malfunction when you're fighting for life. |
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Bullet PerformanceAll expanding bullet types (hollow point, Pow'rBall, prefragmented) were fired into water jugs to test expansion and penetration (The Atlanta Arms and Ammo round will be tested in the future). The jugs were one gallon milk or drinking water plastic jugs made of (what appears to be) the same type of material and relative thickness. The width of the bottom half of the jug measures 6 inches. Because there is an integral handle on the upper half of the jugs that reduced the width on two sides, the lower half was targeted so that the bullet will pass through the full 6 inches of water of each jug. Entry and exit holes were inspected to confirm the bullet's path, and the test was repeated if the bullet coursed through the upper, narrower portion of the jug, but this rarely happened. Tests were conducted at 15-20 feet. A short video demonstrates the test procedure. The bullets demonstrated expansion/disintegration and variable penetration that was related to their design. The numbers are presented in Table 3. Conventional jacketed bullets (copper jacket around a lead core) passed through at least two jugs and stopped in jug #3 or #4. Expansion varied but all bullets opened up to at least half an inch.
.. click on pictures for enlarged view The Pow'RBall bullet had nice expansion and the lead core lost very little weight, though the core did separate from the copper jacket. ..
,, The CORBON DPX load with the all copper Barnes X bullet The PMC bullet expanded the least dramatically of all the bullets tested but penetrated more than the other conventional hollow point bullets. The lower velocity of this round might have contributed to its deeper penetration because the lead core did not expand as dramatically as the others and retained much of its weight. The Winchester Silver Tip Hollow Point showed excellent expansion and weight retention, and moderate penetration. There was no significant core/jacket separation. ..click on pictures for enlarged view .. Table 3: Penetration and Expansion of 38 Super Factory Expanding Bullets |
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X = complete penetration. S = Stopped inside jug. * Weight in grains. † Velocity in feet per second. Parts refers to the total bullet parts recovered. No weight, parts count or core diameter is listed for the Glaser Safety Slugs since they are designed to disintegrate. |
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Disclaimer: For obvious liability reasons I will not make any claims about the generalization of these test results to translate into penetration, expansion or stopping power of these rounds for the purpose of self-defense. Water has a different consistency than actual tissue or ballistic gelatin - the standard media for this type of test. These tests are simply intended to demonstrate general bullet performance. The ultimate selection of any of these cartridges for the purpose of self-defense is left to the reader. My only advice is that the user test the selected ammunition in their gun to make sure that it is safe and will function reliably. |
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AccuracyThe results of accuracy tests with factory ammunition are listed in Table 4 . First, it's important to make a very, very critical point about accuracy tests in general. Accuracy is a product of the gun and the ammunition. Good or bad accuracy can result from the gun itself, the ammunition itself, or a combination of the two. Therefore, the data in Table 4 is, in reality, a reflection of how the specific gun used in the test performed with the ammo tested. The gun was a factory Colt stainless steel Government Model MK IV Series 80 (picture). It has not been accurized. It has the factory Colt barrel. There were no modifications to the gun whatsoever. It's the same gun used for all the information on this page, unless otherwise noted. The gun was tested in a Ransom Rest (picture) that eliminates errors introduced by human factors. A better way to test accuracy is to use a fully accurized pistol. It is a better test of the ammunition because the gun parts are tightly fit. If the parts critical to accuracy fit close together then they will be in the same position relative to each other every time the gun is fired. This means that the barrel is pointing in the same place every time. Of course, a perfect fit is hard to achieve, and even the tightest gun will loosen up due to normal wear from repeated firing. The best way to test accuracy is to take the barrel out of the gun and mount the barrel in a special device that holds the barrel in a fixed position. Why is this the best way? Because it gets rid of even the smallest amount of slop that might be in the gun's moving parts that can affect accuracy. Still, even with the barrel all by itself, you're now testing that specific barrel in addition to the ammo. A different barrel might give you different results. Is this whole accuracy thing a little fuzzy? Yes! And that's how it is in the real world. Different guns (barrels) have preferences. That's why accuracy is a never-ending topic of discussion, and why there is seldom a single correct answer to the question: which is more accurate? That's also why you shouldn't expect the data in Table 4 to be the holy grail of accurate or inaccurate 38 Super ammo. So, what do the numbers in Table 4 say? None of the ammo shot terrible, although the gun did not care for the Fiocchi load very much. And none of the ammunition was super-duper accurate (in that gun!) but it did post several groups under 2 inches. By the way, the test gun was not a "tight" gun. It rattled if you shook it. There was slop in the slide to frame fit. The barrel fit reasonable well in the breach region. The bushing fit the barrel well, bit it was loose in the slide. Even with all these minor imperfections the group sizes were a bit better on average than many production pistols reviewed in magazines. Table 4: Accuracy of 38 Super Factory Ammunition
FMJ = Full Metal Jacket. Fr = Frangible. HP = Hollow Point. JHP = Jacketed Hollow Point. JPRN = Jacketed Polymer Round Nose. Prefrag = Prefragmented. STHP = Silver Tip Hollow Point. TMJ = Total Metal Jacket. * Weight in grains. † Velocity in feet per second. Groups are five shots (§ = 3 shots) fired at a distance of 25 yards from a Ransom Rest. ¥ = Only one group fired due to limited ammunition available at time of testing and the high cost of some of the CORBON specialty loads. Group size measured center-to-center in inches. . The author has shot a wide range of handloaded ammunition through the test gun and another gun with a Bar-Sto barrel. A clear trend is evident. Both guns (barrels) shoot more accurately with flat nosed bullets than with round nose bullets. Remember, your results may vary. |
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PressurePrimersAll fired cases were inspected for signs of pressure. Inspections focused on two factors. Primers and case expansion. First, the primer. Primers are designed to withstand the normal pressures for their intended use. Pistol primers are designed to handle pressures typical of pistol cartridges that run up to 35,000-40,000 psi. Rifle pressures run up to 65,000 psi and rifle primers are made from thicker metal and produce a more intense flame because they have to ignite a larger volume of gunpowder. As you might have guessed, the thinner metal used for pistol primers makes them more sensitive than rifle primers and the firing pin strike in pistols is not as robust as it is in rifles. The idea behind "reading" the primer is that as pressure exceeds normal limits, the high pressure causes the primer metal itself to flow backwards. Higher pressure produces more primer flow. Inspecting the primer is a common method to watch for signs of “something ain’t right”. That said, watching for pressure signs in the primer is far from an exact science. There can be several reasons for high pressure signs in the primer 1 that don't necessarily mean high pressure. However, it is a reasonable barometer and an indication of something amiss, and if you do see pressure signs here, “something ain’t right” and maybe you shouldn’t be shooting that ammunition, or maybe there’s a problem with the gun. The results presented here are "readings" of the CORBON ammunition used in the Colt pistol in the velocity, accuracy and expansion tests reported above. Some of this same ammunition was also fired through a Bar-Sto and Nowlin five inch barrel. These same excessive pressure signs were present, suggesting that it was not the gun(s), but the ammo that had the problem. The Atlanta Arms and Ammo load tested also showed excessive pressure signs. Pierced primers were present in 80% of the rounds fired. Readers might be interested to know that two test barrels (Colt and Bar-Sto) have a tendency to show different high pressure signs in their primers. In this case, the Bar-Sto barrel shows higher pressure signs than the Colt barrel. In addition, the Bar-Sto barrel produces slightly lower velocity than the Colt barrel (the bore of both barrels measure .356). Remember, these pressure signs and velocities apply only to the barrels used in these tests. Your results may vary. There is an important lesson here: different barrels can react differently to pressure with the same ammunition. Okay, back to the pressure results. The appearance of fired primers under normal pressure conditions looks like a dent in a rounded primer (see examples below). When pressure runs a bit too high, the primer metal starts to flow backward toward the breech face and this affects the appearance of the firing pin strike and surface area of the primer base. These are some of the characteristic appearances of primers when pressure gets high, in order of increasing concern:
The examples shown here of high pressure signs in the primer are all from the high performance CORBON ammo used for the data on this page. The only CORBON loads that did not show high pressure signs were the Match Performance load and the Glaser Silver Safety Slug, the latter having only slight cratering in the primers of half of the rounds fired in spite of amazingly high velocity. But keep in mind that only 5 rounds of the Silver Safety Slugs were fired (and inspected) in these tests and that's a very small sample size for making conclusions about pressure. click on pictures for enlarged view Any abnormal appearance of the primer should be viewed as a danger sign, and the last three signs are warnings of very dangerous pressure levels that can result in damage to the gun, and injury to the shooter and bystanders. Note: Different brands of primers might start to show pressure signs with less pressure than other brands. I don’t mean to be too fuzzy here, but there is a fuzziness factor involved because of all the issues that affect pressure, such as seating depth, crimp, powder, primer, case capacity, bullet construction, etc. And I should remind readers that using the primer as a guesstimate of pressure is not an exact science. When in doubt, error on the side of caution. If you see high pressure signs, stop using that ammo. Bulged Cases The second test for pressure was to examine the case for an abnormal bulge in the unsupported region. The examples shown below are, once again, from the CORBON ammo used for the data reported above. They were all fired in the standard factory Colt pistol that has a conventional feed ramp. With a conventional feed ramp, not all of the cartridge case is surrounded by the chamber (types of feed ramps and chambers). This is referred to as an unsupported chamber. The cartridge case in this small, exposed (unsupported) region will tolerate only a certain pressure. Cases are made to account for this unsupported region, and as long as pressures do not significantly exceed SAAMI standards, the case should not bulge in the exposed region (at least that’s the working principle). But excessive pressure can result in a significant bulge or rupture of the case where it is not surrounded by the chamber. If the brass has an obvious bulge there, that ammunition is not safe to use in your gun.3 These cases should also not be reloaded. The Atlanta Arms and Ammo loads were not bulged in this unsupported region, but this is probably due to the fact that they used Starline 38 Super Comp cases, which are well known for their additional strength in this unsupported region.
If the unsupported region of the barrel chamber is larger than it should be, either because it came from the factory that way or because of overzealous gunsmithing, the case can bulge or burst even when firing normally safe ammunition. In this situation, the gun (or barrel) is not safe to use. Remember, the 38 Super is a high pressure cartridge (see Technical Specs) and that narrows the margin of error for feed ramp dimensions. With semi-auto pistols with unsupported chambers, there is a very real risk that the cartridge case can rupture in the unsupported region when the ammunition has extreme pressure. This can cause damage to the gun from fragments of the brass case and hot gases. It’s also possible that the top round(s) in the magazine might go ka-boom since they are sprayed with the case fragments, hot gases and burning gunpowder. The shooter and bystanders risk injury from case fragments, hot gases, burning gunpowder, and any gun parts that go ballistic. If you see excessively bulged cases with your ammunition, its dangerous. Don’t use it. And have a qualified gunsmith check your gun to make sure its not a gun problem. Note: The author has personally experienced blown cases with high pressure 38 Super ammunition. He was fortunate that he was not hit with any case fragments, but he did have pieces of burnt gunpowder embedding in his face narrowly missing his eyes. This experience is known as "Super Face." The blast of hot gases is very unpleasant, to say the least. Remember To Always Wear Eye Protection When Shooting! No Exceptions! Published Versus Real Velocity In Your GunThe velocity that the manufacturer publishes for a given load and what you get from your gun aren’t always the same. If you get higher velocities, you just smile. But if you get lower velocities, then you tend to think that the ammo is not living up to its potential. However, there are many legitimate reasons why your results can vary from what the manufacturer publishes that have nothing to do with faulty ammunition. Some of those are listed here. By the way, the words "velocity" and "pressure" are somewhat interchangeable in the real world of ballistics. Different Lots of ammo: A different production run (lot) might employ a different gunpowder charge, or different gunpowder. If the manufacturer changes gunpowder, the two powders might not achieve the same velocity at the same pressures. A slight difference in powder charge can exacerbate differences in velocity when combined with other factors listed here. Some claims of velocity might be exaggerated. Primers. Changes in primers, by lot or otherwise (standard versus magnum), changes the dynamics of how the gunpowder is ignited and this can change velocity. Cases. Changes in case volume can also dramatically change velocity and internal pressure. Crimp. Crimp strength (bullet pull) can change velocity and it could have different effects on different gunpowders. Barrels.
Ambient Temperature. Generally speaking, warmer temperature translates into higher velocity. I’ve heard rumors of some powders reacting the opposite to this. Elevation. Elevation might play a role, and some gunpowders might be more prone to this than others. The thought here is that higher elevation results in lower velocity. No doubt some gunpowders will react just the opposite to this just to make things interesting. But I’ve heard some learned people say that elevation doesn’t make a difference. The bottom line is that you shouldn’t get upset if the velocity reading you get is different from what the manufacturer publishes. Differences happen. Footnotes: 1 Speer Reloading Manual #13. © 1998. Blount Inc. Sporting Equipment Division. 2 The Speer Reloading Manual says that cratered primers are not always a sign of excess pressure. In many cases flattened primers are a gun problem. 3 Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute, Inc. |
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| Questions, comments, suggestions, hate mail? Feel free to email me. However, the probability of getting a response is low simply because I have a day job and a life and don't have the time to respond to all emails. It's nothing personal, really. Nevertheless, I do appreciate your thoughts. If you see an obvious error then please put the word ERROR in the title of your email. Thanks, and happy shooting. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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